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          <h4 id="概述"><a href="#概述" class="headerlink" title="概述"></a>概述</h4><p>&emsp;&emsp;这个笔记是记录本人学习Go的过程中觉得困惑或者容易遗忘的地方，并非是一个完整的Go语言学习教程。</p>
<h4 id="程序结构"><a href="#程序结构" class="headerlink" title="程序结构"></a>程序结构</h4><h5 id="包管理"><a href="#包管理" class="headerlink" title="包管理"></a>包管理</h5><p>&emsp;&emsp;先从一个最简单的hello world例子开始，分析一下Go语言的包管理结构：<br><figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> main</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="string">"fmt"</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span>  &#123;</span><br><span class="line">	fmt.Printf(<span class="string">"hello world"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
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          <h4 id="简介"><a href="#简介" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</h4><p>&emsp;&emsp;缓存是一种用于提升系统响应速度的技术，在分布式服务领域，常见的缓存有进程内缓存和缓存服务：</p>
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<li>进程内缓存 一般指将数据缓存在客户端、浏览器，或者是服务端的进程内，常见的比如我们使用HashMap在内存中缓存键值对数据，或者是有名的进程缓存框架如Ehcache、Guava Cache等。</li>
<li>缓存服务 集中式的应用级缓存机制，区别于进程内缓存，应用级缓存单独部署缓存服务，常见的如Redis、Memcached等。</li>
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          <h4 id="功能"><a href="#功能" class="headerlink" title="功能"></a>功能</h4><p>&emsp;&emsp;在<a href="/2019/07/08/拥抱Docker（三）基础原理之Namespaces">拥抱Docker（三）基础原理之Namespaces</a>中讲述了构建Linux容器的虚拟技术Namespaces，它可以帮助进程隔离出自己独立的空间。但是容器内的进程不应该随心所欲地获取系统资源（cpu、内存、磁盘、网络等），所以需要有一种控制手段来限制或者隔离这些资源，这就是Linux CGroups做的事。Linux CGroups全称Linux Control Groups，由全称可以看出，他是一种分组的机制，一个cgroup包含一组控制，可以在这个cgroup上增加各种参数配置来管理一组资源控制的模块，包含以下的功能：</p>
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<li>限制进程组的资源使用量（Resource limiting）。比如可以为进程组设定内存使用量，一旦进程组超出这个量，就会触发内存溢出的错误。</li>
<li>进程组的优先控制（Prioritization）。有些进程组可以给予更高的cpu利用率，或者是磁盘的I/O吞吐。</li>
<li>统计进程组使用的资源数量（Accounting）。比如可以用于一些计费功能。</li>
<li>进程组控制（Control）。可以执行挂起进程、恢复执行进程的行为。</li>
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          <h4 id="一句话简介"><a href="#一句话简介" class="headerlink" title="一句话简介"></a>一句话简介</h4><p>&emsp;&emsp;Kubernetes (K8s)是一款谷歌开源，用于容器应用自动化部署、扩展和管理的分布式架构解决方案。如果你已经了解过Docker，那么再来看Kubernetes应该不难理解。<br></p>
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          <p>&emsp;&emsp;在学习了使用DockerFile制作一个简单的镜像并运行，我觉得接下去有必要了解一下Docker背后的运行原理，本着知其然而知其所以然，这样对后续学习或者使用Docker部署应用都有一定裨益。我们已经知道Docker是一个使用了虚拟化技术的容器，同虚拟机一样有着资源隔离和分配的优点，但是因为本身架构的不同，比虚拟机更加高效和便捷。既然如此，那么Docker是如何实现的？一切都还要从Linux的虚拟化技术说起。<br></p>
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          <h3 id="回顾实例化之自动装配"><a href="#回顾实例化之自动装配" class="headerlink" title="回顾实例化之自动装配"></a>回顾实例化之自动装配</h3><p>&emsp;&emsp;在<a href="/2019/04/04/谈谈Spring的IoC之实例化">谈谈Spring的IoC之实例化</a>中我们探索了Spring实例化对象的步骤，不过关于对象的一些属性注入还没有讲到，举一个例子：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Service</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">ServiceAProxy</span> <span class="keyword">implements</span> <span class="title">MyService</span></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">@Autowired</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">private</span> ServiceA serviceA;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> String <span class="title">getService</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> serviceA.getService();</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
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          <p>&emsp;&emsp;在讲共识算法的时候，我想先讨论一下一致性。因为我很长时间没有理解一致性（Consistency）和共识（Consensus）的区别，或者说，我一度以为他俩是一回事。</p>
<h3 id="一致性"><a href="#一致性" class="headerlink" title="一致性"></a>一致性</h3><p>&emsp;&emsp;在分布式系统中，通常一个服务会运行在多个节点上，如何保证多个节点对外呈现出同一个状态，就是分布式一致性需要探讨的话题。一致性的侧重点，在于节点之间的数据可见性约束，它实质上是一个副本（Replication）问题，对于同一个数据的多个副本，其对外表现出的数据一致性。一致性并不是分布式系统中独有的概念，在最早期的单机时代，一致性问题就已经显现了，在<a href="https://es.cs.uni-kl.de/publications/datarsg/Senf13.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">《Operational Characterization of Weak Memory Consistency Models》</a>这篇论文中，可以看到十几种关于弱内存一致性模型的分类描述。当然我们这里不会逐一进行探讨，下面我只列举几种常见的分布式一致性模型进行说明：<br></p>
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          <p>&emsp;&emsp;在Docker的世界里有三个基本概念：</p>
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<p>&emsp;&emsp;镜像就像一个打包好的应用程序，仓库则是应用程序的市场。我们去仓库下载镜像，然后在容器中运行这个镜像。容器的本质类似一个运行的进程，他是镜像的运行环境。Docker镜像极大地简化了应用的安装运行，我们不仅需要学会使用镜像运行容器，还需要学会如何去制作一款镜像，所以下面的任务是谈谈如何使用Dockerfile来制作一款镜像。<br></p>
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          <p>&emsp;&emsp;Docker是Docker.Inc开发的一款开源容器引擎，它在容器的基础上，将文件、网络、进程等一系列资源进行进一步封装和管理，通过对镜像的打包和封装，以及引入Docker Registry集中存储Docker镜像，从而简化了整个开发、测试和部署的环境和流程。<br></p>
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          <h3 id="回顾注解扫描"><a href="#回顾注解扫描" class="headerlink" title="回顾注解扫描"></a>回顾注解扫描</h3><p>&emsp;&emsp;在上文<a href="/2019/04/03/谈谈Spring的IoC之注解扫描">谈谈Spring的IoC之注解扫描</a>中我们绕了一圈，然后终于引出@ComponentScan的扫描原理，实质上这个注解就是为了获得一个<strong>basePackages</strong>。其实在<strong>AnnotationConfigApplicationContext</strong>中还有一种更直接的方式：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">IoCTest</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(String[] args)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = <span class="keyword">new</span> AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(<span class="string">"spring.ioc.test"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        MyService service = context.getBean(MyService.class);</span><br><span class="line">        System.out.println(service.getService());</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>在构造函数中直接传入<strong>basePackages</strong>：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="title">AnnotationConfigApplicationContext</span><span class="params">(String... basePackages)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">this</span>();</span><br><span class="line">    scan(basePackages);</span><br><span class="line">    refresh();</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>接下来<strong>scan(basePackages)</strong>扫描：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">scan</span><span class="params">(String... basePackages)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    Assert.notEmpty(basePackages, <span class="string">"At least one base package must be specified"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">this</span>.scanner.scan(basePackages);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>这个<strong>this.scanner</strong>就是上文中的<strong>ClassPathBeanDefinitionScanner</strong>。条条大路通罗马，我们选择了一条最蠢的路。不过没关系，至少我们理解了<strong>@ComponentScan</strong>。<br></p>
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